Background: Phototherapy is an important modality in dermatology and the number of skin diseases which can be controlled with it IS mcreasmg. In order to start treatment, the first Dose of phototherapy is determined by measurement of minimal erythema Dose (MED) in each patient individually or according to patient"s skin type. Objective: To determine the relationship of skin type with MED in patients under UV phototherapy referred to Razi Hospital in Tehran Patients and Methods: In patients referred to Razi Hospital in 1381(2002-2003) for UVB phototherapy, skin type was determined according to Fitzpatrick"s classification and MED was measured using a UV-meter. Age, sex and the disease of the patients were also recorded. The data were analysed using one way ANOVA and Welch tests. Results: Eighty patients including 39 males and 41 females were studied. The mean age of the patients was 32 years (SD=15.8). Their diseases include psonasls, vitiligo, parapsoriasis, pityriasis lichenoides chronica, perforating disorder and patch stage mycosis fungoides. The mean of MED in 17patients with skin type Il was 111.8±39.2, in 42 patients with skin type III was 105.9±43.1 and in 21 patients with skin type IV was l14.3±39.2 mJ/cm2 , with no significant statistical difference. Conclusion: The first Dose of phototherapy could not be determined based on skin type and measurement of MED is necessary in each patient.

This research article examines legal discrimination against Children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian Children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of Children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all Children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by Children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of Children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in Children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.

Organ Dose and effective Dose were estimated for one hundred patients (50 males and 50 females) who were reffered to Mashhad Ghaem Hospital for chest X-ray examination.ODS-60 software was employed for organ Dose calculation. This software is capable of computing absorbed Dose of 26 organs as well as effective Dose. This programme is based on the ICRP-60 recommendation and Monte Carlo technique. Our results show that in PA chest X-ray lung absorbs the highest Dose. The average value for males and females equals to 1.01± 0.14 and 0.58±0.10 mGy respectively. The resulting effective Dose for men and women are equal to 0.246 ±0.034 and 0.178±0.033 mSv accordingly.Effective Doses obtained from this research were compared with the results of other workers, also with NRPB national reference Dose levels. It is concluded that effective Dose as computed in this work is several times higher than similar quantities published by other workers. It implies that X-ray diagnostic procedures in Mashhad Ghaem Hospital should be re-examined and all efforts have to be made to reduce patient Dose.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian Children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

We read with interest the article "Role of high-Dose hydrochlorothiazide in idiopathic hypercalciuric urolithiasis of childhood" by Naseri and Sadeghi. They used high-Dose hydrochlorothiazide (1 mg/ kg/d to 2 mg/kg/d) in hypercalciuric Children and described that no study has addressed whether low Doses of thiazides have a hypocalciuric effect, especially in Children. We recently reported that a low Dose (0.5 mg/kg/d) of hydrochlorothiazide may be safe and effective in controlling renal hypercalciuria in Children and found that hematuria and urolithiasis gradually resolved in accordance with the improvement of hypercalciuria.

Background: The superiority of antipyretic efficacy of high Dose rectal acetaminophen is not well established yet. Objectives: The present study aimed to compare the antipyretic effectiveness of high loading Dose (30 mg/kg) and standard Dose (15 mg/kg) of rectal acetaminophen in febrile Children.Patients and Methods: This triple blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 76 patients aged 6 months to 6 years with rectal temperature of>39oC who had been referred to 17th Shahrivar training hospital of Rasht, Guilan, Iran. The patients were assigned to one of two groups: First group (n=37 patients) received 15 mg/kg and the second group (n=39 patients) received 30 mg/kg of acetaminophen rectally. The patient’s rectal temperatures were measured before rectal acetaminophen administration and one and three hours post administration using Microlife rectal digital thermometer (Sweden) and were compared between the two groups.Results: One hour after rectal administration of acetaminophen the mean temperature changes in groups 1 and 2 were 0.97±0.59oC and 1.03±0.62oC, respectively (P value=0.663). A significant difference was seen in the mean temperature reduction between the two groups three hour after treatment (1.22±0.72oC vs.1.57±0.65oC, respectively, P value=0.028).Conclusions: In febrile Children, administration of 30 mg/kg of rectal acetaminophen as the loading Dose may be more effective than the standard Dose in reducing fever after 3 hours of medication.

The post-operative pain management by a single Dose of solcosery paste was evaluated. Eighteen patients (nine men,nine women)suffering from mild to moderate adult periodontitis were selected. In The treatment group the solcoserylpaste was applied on the surgical area. There was no significant difference between the treatment control group.